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The relationships between proteinuria, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration
rate and cardiovascular disease mortality in the Japanese general population
Fujiko Irie1, M.D., Ph.D.
Hiroyasu Iso2, M.D., Ph.D., MPH
1Department of Health and Social Services, Ibaraki Prefectural Government
2Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University, Graduate
School of Medicine
Proteinuria, high serum creatinine and reduced glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) have been associated with increased cardiovascular disease
(CVD) and all cause mortalitys. However, the combined effect of proteinuria
with serum creatinine and GFR on CVD or all-cause mortality has not been
well investigated.
We conducted a 10-year prospective cohort study of 30,764 men and 60,668
women aged 40-79 years who participated in annual health checkups in 1993.
The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relative risk
(RR) after adjusting for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors.
The multivariable RR (95% confidence interval (CI)) of CVD death for positive
vs negative proteinuria was 1.38(1.05-1.79) among men and 2.15(1.64- 2.81)
among women. The respective RR for the highest vs lowest creatinine groups
(≥1.3 vs ≤0.8 mg/dl for men and ≥1.1 vs ≤0.6 mg/dl
for women) was 1.56(1.19-2.04) among men and 2.15(1.58-2.93) among women.
The respective RR for GFR<60 vs ≥100ml/min/1.73m2
was 1.65(1.25-2.18) among men and 1.81(1.39-2.36) among women. For individuals
with proteinuria combined with hypercreatininemia or reduced GFR, the
risk of CVD death was two-fold higher in men and 4-6-fold higher in women
compared to those without proteinuria and with normal creatinine level
or GFR. Similar associations were observed for stroke, coronary heart
disease, and all-cause mortality.
Proteinuria, and hypercreatininemia or reduced GFR and their combinations
were significant predictors of CVD and all-cause mortality. (Kidney Int
2006; 69, 1264-1271)
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